1891-02-The Contributor-Reminiscences of William C. Staines

Revision as of 15:27, 7 June 2023

REMINISCENCES OF WILLIAM C. STAINES.

The Contributor, v12 n4, February 1891

AMONG the journals and papers of Elder Staines, which we have been permitted to examine in the preparation of the Church emigration articles, we found several interesting papers partly prepared for publication. These, with scarcely any editorial modification, will be given to our readers under the above heading and they will doubtless be perused with eager interest.—EDITOR.

I.

I was born on the 26th of September, 1818, at Higham Ferrers, Northamptonshire, England. Soon after my parents moved to Beddenham, near Bedford, about forty miles from London. Here I went to school, but did not learn or study as I should, until my parents became discouraged about my ever being a good scholar in consequence of my indifference to learn. At the age of thirteen years, I fell upon the ice while playing, and injured my spine, which caused my deformity and from which I suffered more or less pain for twenty years. My father regretted very much that I had no desire to learn and improve my mind. But weak as I was, I would rather work with our men in the garden than go to school any day. He told me I would be sorry for it, and I can truly say that I have been sorry ever since; for, had I taken his advice I might have been an educated man.

On the 26th of September, 1841, I first heard of Mormonism by hearing George J. Adams preach. I was convinced it was the true Gospel of Jesus Christ. I heard several of the Saints speak in tongues and prophesy. Soon after this I joined the Church, and when confirmed was promised the gifts and blessings of tongues, interpretation, healing and prophecy. These I asked for, thinking I could not be a Latter-day Saint without these gifts. I continued to pray without receiving them, when I concluded I would fast as well as pray. I commenced that evening and continued two days and three nights. The third morning while I was pruning raspberry canes and alone in the garden, I commenced to experience a very happy feeling, and the spirit of prophecy rested upon me. I prophesied about the Church in that place, and also of the troubles that the Saints in Zion would encounter by mobs and so forth. No sooner had this spirit left me than I was visited by a very different one, informing me that I had been deceived and had not joined the true church; saying, if I had I should not have been led to speak and prophesy to a lot of raspberry canes, but should have waited until I had met with the Saints, that all might be edified. The spirit darkened my mind considerably for a time, when I concluded I would go into my tool house and pray. I did so, asking the Lord to rebuke this spirit, which he did. I nevertheless felt troubled more or less about the doubts which continued to be in my mind.

A few days after, I was invited to take tea at a friend's house. Apostle Lorenzo Snow was invited, and while there and alone with Brother Snow, I asked him whether a person belonging to the Church could have the spirit of prophecy, in the centre of a forty-acre field, where no one could hear him." He informed me that John had it while on the Isle of Patmos. He then asked me why I asked this question. I told him what had occurred. He said as a proof of its being from the Lord, some time when in meeting the same spirit would come upon me, and I would repeat the very words I had spoken when in the garden. This I did two Sundays after. This strengthened my faith so much that I have never doubted the truth of the Latter-day work since.

Just before leaving England I visited some friends in Sheffield, and met with Brother R. Rushton, who was on a mission from Nauvoo. He had been asked to visit a brother in the Church who was possessed of a devil. This was the first case of the kind I had heard of being in the Church, and I felt quite anxious to see the party so afflicted. While reflecting about it, Brother Rushton asked me to accompany him, which I cheerfully did, and what transpired I never shall forget. When we entered the room where he was sitting, he looked around and saw Brother Rushton whom he had met before, and with a coarse voice said: "So you have come again in the name of Jesus have you? Well you may come if you have a mind to. I know you came from Nauvoo where you are building a temple to get your endowments and more power. Well, get your power; and the more power you get the more power we'll get." Just as soon as he was through speaking Brother Rushton laid hands on him and rebuked the evil spirits that had possession of him, when the brother called out in a loud voice: "How did you know there was more than one?" Brother Rushton remarked calmly: "You said we." The brother then said, "We will go but we will come again." Two days after they did come again, and his wife sent for the President of the branch who was a very good quiet man. A young traveling Elder who had a good deal of confidence in himself, was in at the time the message came and asked the President to let him accompany him and administer to the brother, who at this time was breaking things in his house. When they reached the house they found him very much excited. He quieted a little when they entered, but soon became boisterous again, and they laid hands upon him, this young man being mouth. No sooner had he rebuked the spirits, commanding them to depart, than he became quiet and wished to lay down. But soon after, and when he appeared asleep, the young Elder said to the parties present, "There, I believed, I could quiet him." He at this time was sitting upon the side of the bed where the afflicted man was lying. The brother no sooner heard this remark than he raised himself up quietly and as soon as he got up, struck this young man such a blow that he was knocked to the other side of the room. This convinced me that the brother had better give the Lord the credit for such manifestations.

I will mention another case of laying on of hands which I think will be interesting to my young brethren. I had often asked the question in my mind why it was that Elders were to be called to lay hands on the sick. Why would not one answer? While in St. Louis I called upon an acquaintance, who was in the Church, and found him quaking with the ague, which he had had for three weeks. He requested me to administer to him, which I did, rebuking the disease in the name of the Lord. I afterwards sat down and asked him how he felt. He informed me that he was healed, that the chill had left him. He had no sooner said this than I commenced to quake with a chill. I told him I had got his complaint and wished him to lay hands on me. He refused saying he had had it for three weeks. This convinced me of the necessity of having two or more to perform the ceremony.

I arrived in Nauvoo, April 12th, 1843. The next day the Prophet Joseph preached to us and blessed us. I had seen him in a vision while crossing the sea; and when I saw him that day he had on the same hat and coat that I saw him in when at sea. I heard him preach a number of times, and saw him in and around the city, giving counsel, and I always believed in him from my first seeing him until his death; that he was the leader of this dispensation and God Almighty's Prophet. I worked in the Temple while it was being plastered, having charge of the fires; received my endowments in January, 1846, and left Nauvoo on the fifth of February, 1846, with the first company that crossed the river, driving a team in Charles Shumway's company.

I was six months with the Ponca Indians in the winter of 1846, and eighteen weeks without bread or vegetables of any kind. During this time I suffered with the scurvy, having all my right side covered with boils from the size of a pea to a hazel nut, and so close that they touched each other. While these were gathering I suffered much pain, and when they had broken and the scabs got hard, I suffered with the most terrible itching, and when sufficiently healed I would go into some ravine on a sunny day, strip off my clothes, and with a flat stick scrape off the scabs, at times in sufficient quantities to fill a quart measure or more. This to me was a great pleasure, and I often thought that if Job felt as well as I did while performing a like operation, there was no need of sympathy, he having the advantage over me in having a potsherd, which was much better for the pupose than my stick. My stay with these Indians was a very interesting and instructive one, for it taught me many lessons. I found the Lord was there to hear my prayers, and notwithstanding my afflictions, I had sufficient strength to my day.

I reached this Salt Lake Valley September 15th, 1847, and was appointed to take charge of the endowment rooms in the Council House in January, 1851. I commenced giving endowments February 28th, 1851, and continued in charge until I was called to go on a mission to England in December, 1860, where I stayed until 1863.

While upon this mission I received a testimony of the Book of Mormon. I was speaking to a large congregation, bearing my testimony to the truth of the Gospel, when I lifted up the Book of Mormon saying: "I know that this book I hold in my hand—the Book of Mormon—was translated by the power of God through Joseph Smith, and will go to every nation, kindred, tongue and people, as a testimony of the truth of the Gospel." This was the first testimony I had ever had of its truth.

On the Tuesday morning following, about six o'clock, while I was reading the third chapter of the Second Book of Nephi, I felt a remarkably happy feeling come over me, such as no one can explain but those who experience it. Immediately the following was given to me: "Thus saith the Lord unto you, my servant. I was well pleased with your testimony concerning the book you now hold in your hand called the Book of Mormon, for it was given unto you by the gift of faith. Now will I give it unto you by the power of my Spirit. Thus saith the Lord unto you my servant: That book you hold in your hand called the Book of Mormon was translated from plates by the power of my Spirit through Joseph Smith, and shall be a testimony to every nation, kingdom, tongue and people upon the earth, and cursed be those who obey not the same; thus says your Lord and your Redeemer! Amen."

While these words were passing through my mind I fancied I saw the plates, and as soon as I said amen, (for I was speaking these words aloud) everything passed from my mind as though I had never spoken, but this heavenly feeling continued. I should think I remained in this state about a minute, when I commenced to speak again saying the same words as before. This I never forgot. I had often wondered how it could be possible for the Prophet Joseph to need the visitation of an angel three times telling him the same thing every time. I had thought that if an angel was to visit me and tell me as much once, I never would forget it. Here I was convinced of my error.

II.

I HEARD the first sermon on Mormonism preached by Geo. J. Adams, in September 1841. I was convinced that it was true, and was baptized in November following. I left England on the sailing ship Swanton, with a company of Saints in charge of Brother Lorenzo Snow. At this date there were no steamships crossing the ocean, prepared, as they are now, to carry emigrant passengers, with every facility for cooking and serving meals. At the time I crossed, our cooking was all done upon deck, upon two large iron grates, with iron bars in front to hang our pots and saucepans upon, each having a hook attached for that purpose.

[Several pages of Elder Staines' manuscript have been lost, and we are prevented from giving to our readers an interesting account of his voyage across the sea. Upon the lost pages he also wrote his impressions regarding American slavery; how, from his earliest recollection, he had heard exaggerated accounts of its cruelties, causing him to make sacrifices in helping to enlarge the fund being raised for emancipation. He thus continues, giving his personal observations of slavery, which we print in his own language.—ED.]

I also had been informed that all slaves worked in chains upon rice and sugar plantations. I felt so bad about it that I quit eating or using sugar when I was nine years old, for which my mother gave me twenty cents every week, which I put in a fund that was being raised in England to emancipate the slaves. Here, to my surprise, I found them driving fine mule teams, being trusted with cart loads of valuable merchandise, taking the same to all parts of the city and country, apparently equal to the white man (except in their being slaves and owned by some one). I found the same class of men working as porters in the stores. While getting some groceries in a large store, a gentleman came in for some bottled wine, and a negro was sent to the wareroom for it. That same day our company left on the large steamboat Amaranth and to my surprise I found four negroes and three white men employed as firemen. I soon learned that the colored men were slaves. I asked my informant where their master was, and he said he resided about fifty miles from New Orleans. I watched for an opportunity to speak with these colored men and the next morning, while they were at breakfast, I ventured to do so. Seeing some fishing tackle lying on deck near them, I commenced by asking what kind of fish they caught. Catfish, I was told. I had never heard of such a fish, and at first thought he was fooling me, but he soon enlightened me on this point by telling me what kind of a fish this catfish was, as well as many other kinds that were in the river. While conversing about fish and fishing I was looking at the food they were eating, as regards its quantity and quality, compared with that the white men were eating on the other side of the boat from them, and found it to consist of good wheat and corn bread, beef steak, ham and eggs, potatoes with plenty of coffee and sugar, and from what I could see as good as that being eaten by the white men. I must confess this surprized me, and I regretted, for the first time, that I had quit eating sugar to save the money to free the negro from slavery, he having all the sugar he needed, and a better breakfast than any farm laborer in England could afford to eat. They informed me that they all belonged to one master who lived about fifty miles from New Orleans and he allowed them to work out, and gave them two-thirds of all they earned, which was twenty dollars, leaving eight dollars for themselves. They said they had a good master and did not want to leave him. This eight dollars per month with board was better wages than a man working on a farm in England could get at this time.

I soon learned that what I had been told about slaves must have been exaggerated, or if true had probably occurred to a few disobedient ones on the plantations where the sugar cane and cotton were raised; and those I became acquainted with were the other extreme, or at least better off than many of their fellows. I nevertheless was pleased to find a brighter side of the picture I had formed in my own mind from what I had been told about slavery when a boy.

I have said more here than I should have done—had not slavery been abolished in this country—that my young readers may know a little of what I saw and felt on this subject. I was as much deceived about the country as I was about the negroes and slavery. I found it much larger, and the rivers much longer and wider than I ever dreamed of; and although our company was very much crowded for room on the boat, we had a very delightful trip. We found fruits, vegetables and eatables of all kinds in plenty and cheap: chickens, ten cents; eggs, ten cents per dozen; ham, ten cents per pound; sugar, nineteen pounds for one dollar; coffee, eleven pounds for one dollar. The weather was fine, with a full moon, and we enjoyed ourselves in the daytime viewing the beautiful scenery as we passed along; and in the evening we would sing the songs of Zion, which was pleasing to us and interesting to the Gentile passengers—a number of whom were in the cabin, while we were on the upper and lower decks of the boat.

At about 3 p. m. on the twelfth of April, we came in sight of the long looked-for city of Nauvoo, the home of the Prophet and the Saints, and soon to be ours. We traveled several miles in sight of the city before we reached the place for landing; and we could see very plainly the people running in our direction to meet us and give us a hearty welcome. I shall not attempt to describe our feelings to my readers for I should fail in such an attempt. Some cried with joy, others laughed and shouted while many prayed, thanking the Lord for his preserving care over us, and allowing us the privilege of reaching Zion in safety. At the time of landing several hundred had arrived at the pier, anxiously awaiting to shake their friends by the hands. Parents met their children, and friends met again their friends after years of absence. I, being alone, envied, for a moment, those who had relatives, but the thought soon passed away; for I, too, was a Latter-day Saint, and knew that as long as I remained one I would have all the friends I would need, and that the Lord would provide them for all who put their trust in Him.

In two hours all had landed, and those having friends had left with them, while others rented rooms or houses where they were made comfortable. That same evening Brother Parley P. Pratt's company arrived. This company left England in the fall before us, and was compelled to remain in St. Louis on account of the Mississippi being frozen, on their arrival. We were all requested to meet on the Temple Block the next morning at ten o'clock, when the Prophet, Joseph Smith, would address us.

I got an early breakfast and left my lodgings for a walk through the city, and this was one of the happiest moments of my life. It was a beautiful spring morning. The grass was green, the trees were just in leaf, the cow herds were being driven from the city to the pastures, their bells tinkling as they trotted along, which was music to my ears, for everything to me looked and felt its best; even the dogs that passed me, when spoken to, seemed to give an extra wag of the tail to welcome me to this city.

I had only been a member of the Church a little over two years, but I had confidence in my leaders and my religion, for all I had been told by them had proven to be true. I had been informed by the first Elder I ever heard (Geo. J. Adams) that if I obeyed the Gospel and was faithful, I should have testimonies of the truth of what he preached. I obeyed, and soon had the testimony that Joseph Smith was a Prophet of God, and that the Gospel revealed by him was of God. These things caused me to leave my native land and gather to the city I was then in. I knew I was right in doing so, and for this I felt happy.

At ten o'clock the two companies of fresh arrivals, with a number of citizens, assembled in the Temple, the walls of which were about twenty feet high. I well recollect the blessing of the Prophet. After stating that he had been anticipating the pleasure of seeing us for a long time, and was thankful the Lord had answered his prayers in bringing us so far in safety, he said: "Blessed are they who have seen me and obeyed the Gospel; but more blessed are you who believed and obeyed without seeing me, and I bless you all in the name of Israel's God, and say you shall be blessed in your labors, and enjoy in due time all the blessings of the faithful; not only in the salvation of yourselves, but also your dead." These few words may be read now with but little feeling, but it was with very different feelings we received them; for we all knew that the one who spoke was a Prophet of God, and had power to bless, being clothed upon with the Holy Priesthood. Knowing this, and hearing the above spoken by such a man, we felt it, and knew we were blessed by the Lord as well as by His prophet. He gave us a great deal of good advice concerning our future in settling and making ourselves comfortable in our new homes.

I soon became acquainted with a number of the Saints who had been in the Church for many years, some of whom had been driven from their homes several times, and were still wearing a black ribbon or a piece of crape as a badge of mourning for some dear one they had lost when being driven by mobs, or by traveling the wilderness in midwinter, when too poorly fed and clothed. While listening to these fearful tales, tears would freely flow down the cheeks of both speaker and hearer; for even at this date, which was over six years after these troubles had occurred, one or more in many families were suffering from the effects of leaving their homes in winter, to bed and board on the prairies. I could not help but admire these people for their integrity, and the faith they had in the cause they had espoused; for, notwithstanding the troubles and losses they had passed through, they continued strong in their faith, and were confident that the Lord would sustain His people and build up the kingdom upon the earth. I looked at them and thought: "What a lesson is here for me to learn! Have I so lived and learned the Gospel that I would pass through as much sorrow, suffer the losses, and be, after it all, so humble and faithful as they?" To me this was an imporant question and one I could not answer, only by being convinced or assured that if I could not, I would never be a good Saint. I left them with these reflections, and turned into a small grove near the Temple, where I knelt down and prayed to the Lord that he would so strengthen my faith that I might be prepared for all things that might await me: "Come life or death, come poverty or riches, come evil or good report, come bonds or imprisonment, come all or part of these, O Lord give me faith and Thy Holy Spirit sufficient, that I may continue to serve Thee and assist in building up Thy kingdom." I have not forgotten the spirit I enjoyed while offering up this prayer, and I felt that the Lord had heard my prayer and would answer it.

III.

FROM this time up to the fall, everything appeared to prosper with the people. The fields were filled with growing crops of wheat and corn. A large number of good houses were being built. The Temple had over one hundred men employed upon it—all of which gave an abundance of work for those who needed it. The Prophet Joseph would preach to us, as well as the Apostles, who, being filled with the spirit of their calling, inspired our hearts, and filled us full of gladness.

Rumors were continually in circulation, that writs were out for the arrest of some of our leaders; and occasionally a posse of mounted men would come to the city professing to have authority to arrest some one, but generally went away without them. Our city was builing up so fast, and the people so prospered in their labors, that our enemies became jealous of us. Large farms were being cultivated for miles east of the city, by the Saints who had but recently left their native soil to gather with the people of God.

In the spring our enemies published all manner of false reports about the Prophet Joseph, concerning the power and influence he had over the Saints. A number of missionaries were called to go to every State in the Union; most of the Twelve were appointed to go to the States and to England, to preach the Gospel, gather the Saints, and remove prejudice as much as possible.

At this time a great many of the people were sick with fever and ague; money was scarce; the farmers had an abundance of corn, but this was worth but ten cents a bushel in store pay. I remember Brother Benbow, who lived a few miles out of the city, telling me that he put fifty bushels of corn into his wagon, hitched on three yoke of oxen, took it to town and sold it for a pair of boots valued at five dollars. I worked myself for fifty cents a day and was glad to get it in store pay. I often have thought of the first offer I had to work after my arrival. As I was going along one afternoon, passing a new house that was just having the chimneys finished, one of the masons asked me to help mix mortar for him, for which he would pay me potatoes. I felt a little indignant at the offer, made some excuse, and passed on. I soon after wanted potatoes, and found them difficult to get with my kind of pay—work. This learned me my first lesson on labor and wages, and I never after refused anything I could use for my work; at times I worked for my board and lodging, and was glad to get it rather than be idle, and would do the same to-day were I in need; but I have seen many of our young men refuse work in these valleys unless they could get high wages and cash for their labor, and remain idle for months in consequence. I hope my young readers will remember my first experience in this regard and never refuse a job of work when unemployed, on account of the small amount offered. If it is the best you can do, take it and you will find by so doing you will be far better off than those who refuse such offers, for such are too often seen at the corners of our streets, idling away their time.

On the twenty-seventh of June, the Prophet Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum were murdered in Carthage Jail and President John Taylor received four bullets in his body, but afterwards recovered. I doubt much whether these brethren ever would have gone to jail had the governor of the state not promised them protection, for the Saints all knew that they would be killed if not protected, as our enemies had been heard to say that "Joe Smith" would be killed in less than a year, and I heard the Prophet Joseph say myself that they, the mobs, were anxious to spill his blood. The governor failed to protect them, and a mob of masked men accomplished the bloody deed. The news soon spread through the town and county. I was in St. Louis at the time the news arrived and well recollect my feelings. I could not speak to the party who informed me, for nearly a minute. I learned immediately that it was reported that Carthage, Nauvoo and Quincy, and the country around were in danger of being destroyed with all the inhabitants by the Mormons who already were making preparations to start the work of revenge. This was false! A company of volunteers were raised the next day and left for Quincy. While this was being done the Saints in Nauvoo were mourning over their martyred prophet and patriarch, who by this time had reached the city of Nauvoo. It was a terrible loss to the relatives and Latter-day Saints; and none can imagine the sorrow and grief of the people but those who witnessed the scenes when their bodies were brought to the city for burial. It was not the mourning of a family only, or of a few friends following a dear relative to the grave.

I have seen England mourning for two of her kings, and for the husband (Prince Albert), of the present Queen Victoria, in London, when every shop was closed; when every church bell tolled; when every man who drove a coach, cab, or conveyance of any kind had a piece of crape tied to the handle of his whip. Accompanied by Bro. Amasa Lyman, I rode for miles through the city of London while the burial servics were being performed at Windsor Castle. It was indeed a solemn sight. I have seen this nation mourn for its chief magistrate Lincoln, but the scene in Nauvoo at the time mentioned, was far more affecting than these. The grief and sorrow of the Latter-day Saints were heartfelt. It was the mourning of a whole community, of many thousands—all of whom revered these martyred brethren as their fathers and benefactors; and the sight of their bleeding bodies—for their blood had not ceased to flow as they lay in their coffins—was a sight never to be forgotten. The mourning I witnessed for kings, and our nation's chieftian was only here and there manifested by tears; but for the two who suffered for their religion and their friends, the whole people wept in going to and from the scene; all, all were weeping.

IV.

As soon as the bodies of Joseph and Hyrum were entombed the question arose, "What will the Latter-day Saints do without their Prophet?" Our enemies had concluded that without the Prophet Joseph Smith the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints could not exist; but in this they and the world were mistaken, for as I have before stated, for months previous to his death, the Prophet had been engaged with the Twelve instructing them in all things pertaining to the building up of the kingdom of God; and all had been done that could have been done, had he known of his approaching death. The consequence was, as soon as President Young and the brethren connected with him in the Quorum of the Twelve, returned from the States, where they had been on missions, a conference was called. Thousands of the Saints were in attendance. Brother Sidney Rigdon had previously been holding a few meetings privately, with a few of his brethren and friends, advocating his right to the presidency of the Church. President Brigham Young was at this time President of the Twelve Apostles, and called upon Brother Rigdon to speak, which he did for three hours, saying a great deal about his authority, and having been counselor to the Prophet. After this President Young stated he had listened to all that had been said by the speaker. He was very sorry that anything should have been said or thought of about who should be the leader or guardian of the Church in the future. For his part, and he felt as did his brethren the Twelve, he thought they should mourn a while for the departed Prophet, and his brother, Hyrum, and humble themselves before the Lord. But as the subject had been broached and the people would be anxious to know something about those who would lead, he said in a loud voice: "I will tell you who your leaders or guardians will be—The Twelve! I at their head!" This was with a voice like the voice of the Prophet Joseph. I thought it was his, and so did the thousands who heard it. This was very satisfactory to the people, and a vote was taken to sustain the Twelve in their office, which, with a few dissenting voices, was passed. The consequence was that the organization of the Church continued under their direction. The Temple was to be finished as soon as possible, that the people might receive their endowments.

This was quite a surprise to the outside people, who thought that Mormonism would soon die after the death of its Prophet. Others were surprised we did not take the law in our own hands and kill or destroy, by way of revenge. But we left this in the Lord's hands, while we were contented to obey counsel.

For a while everything seemed to move along quietly; our enemies had little to say about us, and the Saints were busy cultivating their farms, making new ones, building houses, and working upon the Temple, the walls of which were rising rapidly. Everything indicated we would have a peaceful time, but all who relied much upon this soon realized their mistake, for again the papers commenced to publish all manner of lies about what our leaders were doing; finding fault with us for all voting for one man, or set of men at our elections, and a great many ridiculous things that were false. Mobs again commenced to rob and plunder our outer settlements. During the fall of 1845 the Twelve concluded to sell out their possessions, and go somewhere where we might dwell in peace and out of the reach of mobs. A conference was held on the sixth of October, in the Temple, and these things presented to the people. President Young said it was impossible for the Latter-day Saints to get justice done them in any of the courts of this State, for their losses; that "in consulting with the authorities and officers of the State, they promise they will assist us to sell out our property if we will leave the country. We shall take a vote to know your minds upon this subject. I will give you mine. It is to leave. And I will promise this people, that if they will leave in the spring and take our counsel, we will take you to a country where you will be better off in five years than you are to-day. I promise you this in the name of Israel's God." The people believed it. The vote was called for, and every man, woman and child voted to leave. This was a great manifestation of the faith the people had in their leaders. "Surely," I thought, "this is a strange people, many of whom have been driven from their homes time and time again, and have but just got comfortably situated, with hundreds of others, who have built cities and towns, opened up farms which are in a high state of cultivation, and all willing to leave them and go they know not where, only as their leader said, 'to a country where they will be better off.' "

I could not help but think of the people's position, and our leader's promise. Many hundreds were in good houses, with large farms; these they were about to leave, with a promise to be better off in five years. It needed something more, my dear readers, than the "say so" of a natural man to get us to believe it, for at the least calculation we would be one year in reaching the place. We had more than man's word, for with that saying came the spirit of phophecy that bore testimony to our spirits that it was God's truth. And so we proved it to be, for we were better off in five years than when we left. Companies were immediately organized to build wagons, cut timber, etc. The Temple was so nearly finished that the Saints commenced, in the winter, to receive endowments. I worked in it myself for several weeks, and on January 12th, 1846,I received my endowments. During the winter the Saints in the settlements, a few miles from the city, were visited by mobs, robbed of their cattle, and their houses oftentimes burned. This continued most of the time until the people commenced to leave. The authorities of the State had promised to protect the Saints, and do all in their power to procure them customers for their property; but instead of doing this, it seemed that they were aiding our enemies in mobbing us and destroying our property. Notwithstanding all this persecution the Saints continued to prepare for the move. On the fourth of February the first company left the city for the journey west. I belonged to Captain Charles Shumways' company of fifty. Companies were organized in hundreds, fifties, and tens; and we had captains of hundreds, captains of fifties, and captains of tens. The captain over the hundred had charge of the hundred; the captain of fifty had charge of the fifty; and the captain of ten, of the ten. This gave us eight captains over each one hundred teams, wagons, and men with their families, all of whom were subject to the captain of the hundred, and he subject to the one who had charge of the whole camp. I have not forgotten my feelings, when crossing the Mississippi River on a raft with four wagons and several families, on seeing men, women, and children forsake the homes they had reared, through streams of persecution, and leave the bones of their martyred prophet and patriarch to be trampled upon by their murderers; and all this on account of their faith—a faith that all the Saints of God had ever believed in, from Adam to Jesus Christ.

We camped on the banks of the river that night; about one hundred wagons and three hundred souls. The next morning we moved on a few miles and camped on Sugar Creek, where we found good water, and plenty of timber to break off the cold winds. The weather at this time was very mild and pleasant, and we all hoped to have an early spring. It was requested that none should leave the city without having one year's provisions with them. We remained at this place three weeks, and during this time we had very cold weather, so much so, that a few days after we crossed the river it froze over, and most of the companies, wagons and families, crossed on the ice. Fancy, my readers, if you can, our position. But a few days before we were in comfortable houses, with plenty of fuel and food; now in a forest, without homes, with nothing but tents and wagon covers to protect us from the storms. Our cattle and horses were chained to wagons and trees, without any shelter but the trees. They had been in comfortable sheds and in good stables, with plenty to eat, and they could be heard bellowing and neighing, asking to be removed to better quarters. I can assure you if you could have seen us getting up out of our tents or wagons in the morning, you would have pitied us. Instead of slipping into a warm, carpeted room, with a fire, we stepped into a foot or eighteen inches of snow, with everything around us frozen, and no fire. After sweeping a place and making a fire, our sisters would commence to prepare our meal. But if you had visited us, you would have found us doing all this without a murmur. The Lord was with us, and His Spirit was upon us, and instead of crying or mourning for what we had left, we felt to rejoice that we were permitted to leave our city, our temple, and our dead in peace.

V.

With President Young and the Twelve, and their families, came the Nauvoo brass band, led by Captain William Pitt. Every evening after supper, and when our animals were all fed, we had a large piece of ground cleared of snow, and a big fire made, consisting of a number of large logs, about thirty feet long, and some even two feet through, cut and piled. These answered two purposes: seating the people, and lighting and warming the company. This fire was in the center of our camp, whith consisted of several hundred wagons, and several thousand souls. At the sound of the bugle, which was the signal for prayers, all attended to this duty in their families; after this, the captain, with several members of the band, would get their violins and flutes, and play dancing tunes. A number of the old and young would dance upon the frozen ground. After dancing awhile we would have singing, and readings on different subjects, having a number of good readers and singers with us. These amusements were kept up just as long as our fire held out to burn. President Young and his brethren, the Twelve, used to participate in these pleasures. And I can truly say that I looked for these evening sociables, in this camp, with as much pleasure as I experience in attending a party in Salt Lake City. There was no trouble about dressing, or what we should have to eat; neither was any one fretting about being slighted or left out in the cold, or even to grumble about not having as good a seat as his neighbor, for the room was free for all; so was the fire; and as our seats were composed of logs which differed not in quality, but somewhat in quantity, as some were larger and longer than others, they were also free. And, I assure you, we felt free to enjoy ourselves. I thought often, while listening to the soul-stirring music and watching the old and young go merrily forth in the dance, that we were enjoying ourselves better and were far happier than our enemies who had driven us from our homes. We had the Lord on our side, and those to lead us who were clothed with the Holy Priesthood—with authority to direct our movements.

During our stay here we got short of corn for our cattle; and as there was no grass near our camp we were compelled to cut down elm trees, the tops of which were eagerly devoured by the animals. The timber cut and the trees burned belonged to a gentleman living near our camp, who had given us permission to use all we should need while there, provided President Young would build him a large barn and make him several thousand fence rails. This the brethren did to his entire satisfaction.

It was desired that none should leave Nauvoo without having in their wagons one year's breadstuff along, and it was thought, under this regulation, that not more than two or three hundred wagons, with families, could leave; but we had double that number in camp. A council of the captains was called and it was decided to take a census of the whole camp. Each company had to report the full number of persons, wagons, animals, and the amount of provisions on hand. It was thus discovered that many families had not flour and meat sufficient to last them one month. I knew one family, seven in number, with only a half bushel of salt and one peck of corn meal. When asked how far he expected to go he said: "Just as far as my president goes. I know the Lord is with this people and He will provide for us; and I expect to go as far as anybody here." And he did go, and entered Salt Lake Valley with President Young. Many of the brethren who are now living knew him. And so it was with hundreds of others.

On the first of March we left and traveled a few miles every day, stopping always near timber, so that we might make fires and feed our cattle. At times we would stay and work at splitting rails, cutting timber, and building barns, for which we were paid in corn, flour, and bacon by the farmers for whom we worked.

When we had traveled about one hundred and fifty miles, President Young called upon the whole camp to stop and fence in a large tract of land, build a few houses, plant grain, etc., and while this was being done a few teams were required to return to Nauvoo and help out a number of the poor Saints who had been left on account of having no teams, and to fulfil a promise made in the Temple on the seventh of October, 1845, that the people should not cease their exertions until every poor Saint, who so desired, and should leave and follow the authorities, and settle with the Saints.

This call to return for the poor was, to most of the people, unexpected. A meeting was called and several of the Twelve spoke. President Young stated that it appeared to him a few in the camp did not like the idea of staying and doing or assisting to do what he and his brethren had requested them to do. He concluded: "Aud I wish to say to all such, that you are at liberty to hitch up your teams, put vour families into your wagons, and leave for the east or the west, as soon as you please, while we shall remain here and accomplish the work we are called to do; for I know it is the will of the Lord we should do it. I tell you in the name of Israel's God that all will be blessed who help to do this work." A vote was called and every man held up his hand, promising to do all in his power to accomplish this work. It was noon when the meeting dismissed, and after the brethren had partaken of lunch, they commenced work and in a few hours hundreds of trees had been split into rails. Some hauled the rails and put up fences, while others planned and built log houses, every man and every boy doing all he could cheerfully, President Young and the Twelve superintending. I do not remember how many days it took to accomplish it, but soon a large farm was fenced and planted with corn, potatoes, pumpkin and squash, and a number of houses were built. When the work was finished we felt that the Lord had blessed us abundantly for doing what we had done, that the poor of Israel might be gathered.

Soon after this work was finished, a number of the Saints, who had been left in Nauvoo, arrived, and took possession of their new homes, there to remain until crops should mature, and they could move on farther west. Others from the East could then take their houses, until they in turn could be helped. The main body left the place and continued west until another good camping place was reached.

VI.

THREE weeks before the traveling camps of Israel reached Winter Quarters, I caught the ague which prostrated me every other day. I was traveling at the time in Bishop George Miller's family, and they were all very kind to me in my affliction. By the time we reached the Missouri River, we got entirely out of meat and very short of breadstuff. Our company had been selling and exchanging everything that could be spared, even to feather beds, for provisions; and many had become discouraged, not knowing where to get future supplies. Bishop Miller called a meeting of the company and raised sufficient means to purchase grain and flour for temporary relief. He made some encouraging remarks to the Saints, counseling them to put their trust in the God of Israel who would sustain them in the wilderness as He had His children in the days of Moses. He knew some would say that they had but a few days' supplies and that after crossing the river all hope of purchasing more would be gone; "but" he continued, "I tell you in the name of the Lord, if you will be faithful you shall have an abundance of corn in your camp before we cross yonder river." A few days after, a Mr. Tarpee, Indian trader, came into camp and informed the Bishop that he had sent a party up the river to trade supplies with the Indians for robes and skins; that they were usually brought down the river in boats made of Buffalo skins; that this season the rains had been insufficient to swell the river so they could pass over the shallow places, and he wished to bring them down in wagons. The contract was made and signed and Mr. Tarpee pledged himself to forfeit a number of bushels of corn if anything should occur to break the contract. The next day about three o'clock in the afternoon, as the wagons were about ready to leave, Mr. Tarpee came to inform Bishop Miller that a messenger had just arrived from his traders, stating that heavy rains had fallen and that they were bringing their furs and robes by water and had no use for teams. He then told Brother Miller to send his teams to the trading port and he would pay the forfeit. The Bishop said under the circumstances he had no claims upon him, but Tarpee insisted and the wagons were sent and loaded up with sufficient corn to last us and other companies some time. The day after this event we crossed the river and camped two miles west of it. Here we remained until the Mormon Battalion was organized. When we left we had eaten up or given away most of the corn received from Tarpee, but had received new supplies from other companies which had joined us.

Soon after the organization of the Mormon Battalion, in Pottawattamie or Omaha Nation, a company in charge of Bishop George Miller left with the intention of crossing the mountains that season. I was with Brother Miller and his family, and had been suffering with chills and fever for two months; but this disease had now left me, and nine sores broke out in my legs, some being over an inch deep. These, at times, caused me much pain, but the Lord blessed me with sufficient strength to enable me to drive a team, which I had done while afflicted with the ague.

When about twenty miles east of the Pawnee mission, we met several white men who informed us that they belonged to the Indian Mission, but had been driven off by Indians who had killed two of their party. When they learned of our numbers and strength and destination, they wished to return with us, and have us protect them while they cached some government property, and for this they would give us all the grain and vegetables we could carry with us.

On arrival at the Mission we found the Indians had all left, leaving large quantities of wheat, oats and barley in the granary, besides a number of acres of grain ready for cutting; also potatoes, turnips, etc., ready for use. This literally fulfilled a prophecy of Brother Miller's, made a few days before we started. When speaking of the blessings the Lord had bestowed upon the camps of Israel from the days of leaving Nauvoo up to date, in preserving them from their enemies, and supplying them with food, etc., he said: "I want this company to so live that the Lord will continue to bless us with food. Yes, I promise you in the name of the Lord that you shall see the time while on this journey that you shall have more grain than you can load on your wagons, and leave many bushels behind you to waste on the ground." And we did just as had been spoken. Here we received a letter from Winter Quarters to stop and winter on Grand Island, as it was too late to cross the mountains that fall.

=VII.

WHILE we were at the Indian Mission eight Ponca chiefs arrived, hoping to meet the Pawnees there and make peace with them. Brother Miller called a council of the brethren who desired to go to the Ponca nation to winter, the chiefs promising us timber for houses and fuel, and pasturage for our cattle. We preferred going rather than staying on Grand Island without the consent of the Pawnees, who were mad and far away from our camps. Brother James Emmett, who was our interpreter, told us it was three sleeps, or days' travel to the Ponca village, but we found it eleven days, with hard and rough roads. The Indian's "three sleeps" were three days and nights' travel with ponies—this we did not understand.

On the fourth day out, the Indian chief, whose name was "Ta Nuga Number," which means two buffalo bulls, killed two buffalos. As soon as he informed the company, Brother Miller ordered us to stop on a creek near by, so that a wagon could be sent for the buffalos killed. In about two hours the Indians and brethren arrived with large quantities of meat, the first we had had for ten weeks, and the first buffalo meat we had ever seen. It was quite amusing to see the whole camp cooking it. Several persons would be seen around each fire, with a piece of meat stuck on the end of a stick holding it before the fire until "done." This was considered by the Indians the best way to cook meat, although they boiled all the coarse pieces. We remained in this camp until two P. M. the following day, having cooked and eaten most of the meat from the three buffalos. Several more were killed before we reached the village, all of which we either ate or dried.

The eleventh day brought us to our winter quarters and within two miles of their village. We had scarcely unyoked our cattle when we were surrounded by Indians, many of whom had never before seen an ox. The chiefs wished to call together his braves that all might know our reason for being there. So two hundred Indians sat upon the ground in a circle, and commenced to smoke the pipe of peace. This is done by passing the pipe from one to the other, each one taking a few draws, and so on until all have smoked. When the company is large more than one pipe is used, but all in the order. Bishop Miller and others of the brethren spoke, saying what we wanted was to live in peace for a few months, using some timber and pasture, for which, in return, we would build them houses, plant them a farm, and give them some flour. They agreed to this. Our camp was near the mouth of the Running Water river, and near the Missouri. There was an abundance of fish and game. In about three weeks a number of the Saints were in their houses, and the cattle were in good pastures and well sheltered.

On the first of October the chiefs informed us that they would soon leave for their winter hunting grounds, and would like some of our brethren to accompany them. From the first day I met with these Indians I became interested in them. While I had the ague I learned to do a little cobbling and I got so that I could patch a shoe very well. Usually as soon as my cattle were unyoked, I would have several of the Saints bringing me their shoes to mend, which I did cheerfully, and was thankful that I could be of service to the camp in this way. The Indians also would bring me their pouches to mend, and often their bridles which I repaired to the best of my ability, and much to their satisfaction. They were very anxious to teach me their language, and it was not long before I knew the meaning of a number of their words. The chief was very anxious that I should go with them on the hunt and so informed Bishop Miller. That evening when speaking to those brethren who volunteered to go with the Indians, Brother Miller said: "Brother Staines, I should like you to go with them if you had not those fearful sores on your legs. The chiefs have taken a liking to you, and I feel as though you would do much good, but I dare not ask you to go with such legs." A peculiar spirit came over me while he was speaking, and I was led to say: "Brother Miller, if you say I can accomplish good by going with these Indians I shall go. I have no fears about my legs or myself; and if anything should occur that I should not return, I have no relations in camp to mourn my loss, and this weak body of mine can be better spared than these able-bodied men" He then and there blessed me in the name of the Lord.

The next morning we left our brethren and started with the Ponca Indians—about two thousand souls. It was a novel sight to us who had never witnessed the moving of an Indian train before. In advance could be seen the chiefs and their braves mounted on horses used for running down buffalo. Next followed the squaws with their children running beside them if old enough; if not, they were packed upon the top of their tents, which were fastened to poles and put on a horse whose saddle was fitted for the occasion. Some were carried on the backs of squaws. Next to these came the old men and women, young men and maidens with dogs. Many had small tents and poles fastened to their backs with straps, and seemed to pull this along quite easily. The young men and boys had bows and arrows and were often seen chasing rabbits and showing their skill in shooting them. The first day we traveled about eight miles, when we camped for the night. It was about two o'clock p. m. The squaws had all the household work to perform—putting up and pulling down the tents, getting wood and water, and cooking. The men took the horses to water, saw that they got good pasturage, hunted the game, smoked their pipes, and slept. I found the first day's travel a hard one for my legs. They pained me some, but otherwise, I felt well. The brethren who came along expecting to see game were disappointed, as we did not see so much as a crow.

We were all—six of us—invited to eat and sleep in the largest tent of the chief. He had three tents and three wives. About sundown we were called to dinner. This consisted of boiled dried buffalo and buffalo soup, put in a large wooden bowl with one horn spoon. The chief took the first spoonful, then passed it on to the next until each one had a taste; then the chief would take another spoonful, and so on until we were satisfied. The meat was as tough as leather and about as palatable. Some of my readers may ask if the bowl and spoon were clean. I thought not, for the dried meat, bowl, spoon, and kettle were all taken from old greasy sacks carried many miles, beside laying about unwashed in a dirty tent, I know not how long. You may think it impossible to eat under such circumstances, and indeed it was not pleasant, but we partook according to our appetites. Brother John Kay was along and had some goods to trade for robes. He had some flour and asked us to breakfast next morning on cakes fried in fat. We accepted and ate with relish. We traveled near the Running Water river for nine days without seeing anything larger than a rabbit. It was quite discouraging to those brethren who were expecting a good time hunting buffalo, deer and elk, and they concluded to return home. We were now about fifty miles from our camp. I was asked to accompany the brethren back but declined, for I did not feel that I had fulfilled my mission. Brothers John Kay, Fred Bainbridge and I were left. These brethren traveled with us two days more and then, finding the country too rough for a wagon, returned leaving me alone with the Indians. I had an old suit of clothes, an overcoat, a gun, a few rounds of amunition, a poor pair of moccasins, a pocket comb and knife, two shirts, two garments, and two pairs of socks. I shall never forget the time I parted with these brethren; nor how I watched them pass over the hills out of sight! I remained with the chief and in the same tent. One evening I was told they desired to give me a name if I did not object. I consented and the chief name me "Waddeskippe,"—a steel to strike with flint for fire. This was given to me, he said, because I was "sargie" or hardy. My new name was soon known throughout the camp, for the next day every Indian I met called me "Waddeskippe." At the time Brothers Kay and Bainbridge left me I went to the hills to pray that I might be preserved to do good and not feel alone as it were amongst the Indians. After this I felt better and went to my tent, which, I found, was without an occupant. I got my journal to write, when a couple of young squaws entered the tent and sat on the floor beside me, and the eldest asked for my comb. I took it out of my pocket and was about to hand it to her when she leaned over towards me and made signs for me to comb her hair and braid it as our sisters did theirs. At first I thought perhaps they had been persuaded to come to me for some evil design, but I became satisfied to the contrary. I confess I felt a little confused, and blushed considerably, at which they both laughed. I combed and braided one side of her hair and then handed the comb over to the one looking on, and she immediately went to work and finished the other side. Then she had the one whose head was combed fix hers. After this I found many of the young squaws with their hair combed and braided, but I never was called upon to do any more hair dressing for either lady or gentleman belonging to the nation. While traveling we crossed many little streams from four to seven feet wide and in crossing them I found my legs were healing up. We had not met any buffalo yet and attributed it to the Sioux who had been trespassing on the Ponca hunting grounds and driving the game to their own lands, as they often did.

The Indians were very kind to me, and one morning while walking around the village, a young Indian came up to me and saw my toe was sticking out of my moccasin. Pointing to it, he said, "pasha thetheta,"—that is "the shoe is bad." He pulled off a new pair and gave them to me, putting mine on and saying "that is good." It was the third pair given me since I left our camp. It was about the first of November and the weather was getting cold, We found it very difficult in crossing the river on account of so much floating ice.

VIII.